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Executive Summary Apple Inc., historically recognized as a hardware manufacturer, has systematically expanded its business model to incorporate a substantial services component. According to Apple's fiscal year 2023 annual report (Form 10-K filed October 27, 2023), Services revenue reached $85.2 billion, representing approximately 22% of total net sales of $383.3 billion. This case study examines Apple's strategic transition toward a services-driven ecosystem, built upon its

Executive Summary Tesla, Inc. has pursued an aggressive vertical integration strategy that distinguishes it from traditional automotive manufacturers. Unlike conventional automakers that outsource approximately 70-80% of vehicle production to suppliers, Tesla manufactures a significantly higher proportion of components in-house, including batteries, electric motors, power electronics, and software systems. By manufacturing key components such as battery cells and packs, elect

Executive Summary Netflix transformed from a DVD rental service to the world's leading streaming entertainment platform, pioneering the subscription-based video-on-demand model. This case study examines Netflix's global expansion strategy, subscription pricing evolution, and strategic decisions that enabled its growth to over 247 million paid memberships across 190+ countries as of Q3 2023 (according to Netflix's Q3 2023 Shareholder Letter). The analysis is based exclusively

Executive Summary IKEA, the Swedish multinational furniture retailer, entered the Indian market after nearly a decade of planning and regulatory navigation. The company opened its first store in Hyderabad in August 2018, marking one of the most closely watched international retail entries in India. This case study examines IKEA's deliberate market entry approach, localization strategies, and operational adaptations in one of the world's most complex retail markets. Company Ba

Executive Summary BigBasket, founded in 2011 by VS Sudhakar, Hari Menon, Vipul Parekh, VS Ramesh, and Abhinay Choudhari, emerged as India's largest online grocery retailer by pioneering an inventory-led fulfilment model. The company's supply chain architecture, centered on hub-and-spoke distribution networks and dark stores, became a case study in operational excellence within India's nascent e-grocery sector. This case examines BigBasket's fulfilment-centric supply chain mod

Executive Summary InterGlobe Aviation Limited, operating as IndiGo, has emerged as India's largest and most profitable airline since its launch in 2006. As of September 2024, IndiGo commands a 63.3% domestic market share, according to the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). The airline's success is built on a low-cost carrier (LCC) model combined with operational excellence, particularly in on-time performance. This case examines IndiGo's cost leadership strategy, o

Executive Summary Reliance Jio Infocomm Limited ("Jio"), launched commercially on September 5, 2016, by Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), executed one of the most aggressive market entry strategies in global telecommunications history. By offering free voice calls and data at approximately ₹50/GB compared to the industry average of ₹200-300/GB, Jio acquired 100 million subscribers within 170 days of launch—the fastest such acquisition globally at that time, according to RIL'

Executive Summary Zepto, founded in 2021 by Stanford dropouts Aadit Palicha (19) and Kaivalya Vohra (17), pioneered the 10-minute grocery delivery model in India's quick commerce sector. The company raised over $1.35 billion across multiple funding rounds by December 2024, achieving a valuation of $5 billion in its June 2024 Series F round, according to multiple reports from Bloomberg and Economic Times. As of late 2024, Zepto announced plans for an initial public offering (I